Public International Law 1 Outline

Creation of Intl legal norms – Treaties – intl&dom legal obligs – treaty 2/3 A&C Senate + EAs=treaties in IL. Treaty w/ 2/3 A&C =law of land in USC&direct enfrc in US crts. VCLT80* US sign not ratif h consid most CIL – only applic treaties post 80. Art 2 – betwn States, wrtn (h no express exclu of unwrtn), govd by IL Rstm obligs may be unilat, n/a a contract btwn states essently comrcl in nature No considern reqd - Politic comtm dif to treaty – VC n/a if contract out or if is a poli comtmnt. Reasons comply poli comtm: good faith, breach justifies use all means in IL to bring cesn, contrib soft law develp, get out of formalities reqd for treaties – per Shaw: determin treaty or poli comt by intend parties from language/content of docu, circum of conclu&explnn of parties, Art 11 means of become bound; Art 17 can be bound by part of a treaty, Art 18 oblig not defeat obj/purp, post sign &until clear not be party eg US & ICC vp Bradley only prohib actions clearly undermin, US recog Art 18 as CIL, Art 26 pacta sunt servanda- binding/bona fide, Art 27 dom law no excuse justif non-perf treaty obligs; Art 31 treaty interp gp good faith, ord mean, light of text, obj/purp, other related agrmnts. Art 32 supl interp (if Art 31 not determ/lead manifest absurd) – traveux prep, circum conclu. Nb ILC Guiding Princs re Unilat Obligs Develop states wanted Art 32 non-mand due resources; US crts more willing look beyond treaty text. Art 46-52 invalid, fraud coercion etc eg Serbia, econ coerc wld be progr develpm law.

Reservations: Art 2(1)(d) unil statem exclude/modify legal effects due protect intrsts, avoid proced obligs, dom compat’y; Art 19 on how do it & no reserve if prohib by treaty or incomp w/ obj/purp; Art 20 on accept of/object to reservn – may req accept all/none (dep on what treaty says/obj&purp argu- state parties decide); Art 21 legal effect of reservs&objectns – gp reciprocity reserving & object states h Art 21 also applic where another state does not objct-object just makes it clear. If go to obj/purpse – can say treaty n/a btwn us. O/w, treaty in force absent object; no effect 3Ps inter se; Art 23 in writing&communctd. Most common HR treaties – multil often preclu eg UNCLOS, ICC. VP HR Comte on ICCPR auth to detrm if a reserve o/w ob/purp & if so, is severable, can reserve in bilat no Art 19 prohib h more common multilat. Breach-Termination/Suspension –BP once in treaty, hard get out due IL policy keep parties in treaties, Art 60 bp req material breach to unilt term/susp treaty (silent re minor breaches &compare US law impractibility standard) ie if not sanct by treaty/frustr obj /purp; silent re non-mat breach, non-breach party in control; void from o/set if duress; Art 65 notif oblig party invoking Art 60-3mo notice period; Art 66 jud resoln after 12 mo (not CIL); Art 67 must w/draw/susp in writing by auth official, Art 61 “imposs of perf” grnd to termin/wdraw/susp, not if due breach by that party, must be perma/indispensb, Art 62 “funda change circum” – must be essential to basic consent at conclu&radical transf obligs i.e. can’t rely own breach/for boundary issues. Art 65/66 DR provs, no real relev &typical treaty controls, Per Shaw re apprchs to treaty interp: (i) actual text&emph analysis words used (objectv) (ii) parties intentions – subjctv (iii) wider perspect – obj/purp – teleological. Own vp – Art 31 primacy to objectv apprch.