Law Outlines Legislation and Statutory Interpretation Outlines
This law school outline is for a course on Legislative Law, which examines issues relating to the enactment, application and interpretation of legislation, primarily at the federal level. The course introduced students to the basic contours of Congressional lawmaking practice, theoretical models of the legislative process, the application and interpretation of statutes by the executive branch, and numerous aspects of judicial statutory interpretation. Students will explored and critiqued the diff...
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II.TheoriesofStatutoryInterpretation
PotentialUnderlyingNorms
RuleofLawpredictability,stability,accessibilitybycitizenry
DemocraticLegitimacydeferencetodecisionbypopularlyelectedlegislators
Pragamaticsinterpretershaveadutytocontributeproductivelytoastatutoryscheme
andthecommongood
DecisionRulesWewantadecisionrulethatoptimizesbothaccuracyandlegitimacy
Accuracy
Getridofideologicaldiscretion
Getridofinfighting
E.g.coinflippingwillgiveusunanimousdecisions,judgeswilltotally
abandontheirpoliticalbackgroundsandideologicalpositions
Legitimacy
Usesophisticated,consistentmethodology
Backupyourassertionswithevidence
E.g.textualistanalysiswillprobablybeveryprincipled,butisit
accurate?Couldbeveryresultsoriented
"FunnelofAbstraction"
OurIntellectualframeworkisnotsingleminded,butreflectdifferentunderstandingand
differentvalues.AsdescriptionofwhatCourtisdoing,veryunrealistictosayCourtis
justdoingonething(textualism,purposvism).Fewjudgespracticebylookingatoneand
onlyonefoundationalmethod.Thevectorfrom"concrete"to"abstract"shouldn'tbe readas"determinate"meaningto"indeterminate"meaning.Tosaythatsomethingis
concreteisdiffromsayingthemeaningisobjectivelydeterminable.
Rankingofdifferentinterpretationsfrommostconcretetomostabstract,withoutplacing
normativevalueonconcretenessorabstractness
Verticallydownlevelsandhorizontallyoneachlevel:frommostconcretetomost
abstract
1. Statutorytext(specificordinarymeaninginprovision;wholeact;wholecode)
Couldputstaredecisisonstatutorytexthere
2. Specificlegislativehistoryonpoint(intent)
3. Generallegislativepurpose("mischief"rule)
4. Evolutionofthestatute(agencies,courts(staredecisis),otherstatutes,external
events)
5. Legalcoherencenorms(constitutionality+rationality)
6. Currentpolicyconcerns(metavaluessuchasequity,coherence,+fairness)
HistoricalUsages:HolyTrinitywhentextwentagainstBrewer,usedotherfactorsto
arriveathisoutcome
2waysofevaluatingeclecticarguments
Chainsmetaphor:onerottenapplespoilsthebunch(soonlymakereallygood
arguments?)
Cablesmetaphor:inthesecasesresultwilldependonstrongestoverallcombination
ofthreads.That,inturn,dependsonwhichvaluesdecisionmakersfindmost
1 0
important,andonstrengthofargumentsinvokingeachvalue.
HistoricalDevelopment
19thCentury:eclecticism(HolyTrinity)
endof19thCentury:HolmesianTextualism
mid20thCentury:purposivism
Criticism:ifstatutehasmanydifferentpurposes,whichpurposedowechoose?(e.g.J.
TattinginCaseofSpelunceanExplorers)
late20 thCentury:NewTextualismandDynamicStatutoryInterpretation
Criticism:iflawisamess(e.g.InMatterofJacob)orisambiguous(e.g.whatdoes
"DueProcess"mean?),itisjudge'sjobtointerpret
19691986:CourtConsidersLegislativeHistory
19871995:PeakofNewTextualism
Mostoftenfoundplainmeaning
OnlyinhandfulofcaseshasCourtreliedonlegislativehistorytointerpretstatute
againstitsplainmeaning:UsuallyStevensorSouteruseimaginativereconstruction,
withScaliadissenting
1995OnwardInstitutionallegislativehistory
Breyer,TheUsesofLegislativeHistory Breyerhaspushedcourttoexamine
legislativematerialsmoreoften
Midwaybetweenimaginativereconstructionandtextualism
ButEFGnotethattherearemorecaseslikeCircuitCity(whereCourtrefused
toexaminelegislativematerials)thanlikeSweetHome(whereevenScalia
consideredlegislativehistory)
Courttreatslegislativeprocessasgroupengagedincoordinatedpurposiveaction:
Committeesgroupreliesonguidance+judgmentofsubgroups
Enactmentofstatutesgroupratifiespubliclypresentedunderstandings
Court'sroleistocontinuethatlegislativeproject(deferentialtolegislative
process)
RobertsCourt
StatutorytextiscentralinquiryofSCOTUSandcourtsfollowingit
Courtoftenusesdictionarymeanings
Courtcaresmoreaboutstatutorycontextthanhistoricalcontext
Courtuseswholecoderuleasopposedtowholeactrule
Willusetypicallegislatorstandardtoarrive@plainmeaning
EFGbreakdownRobertsCourt'scurrentmethodologyintoreductionist
fashioninto3partsequence:
1)Textanddictionaries
2)Wholeactandwholecode
3)Legislativehistory,andevolution
Fuller,"TheCaseoftheSpelunceanExplorers"
Facts:Dudley+Stephenslikecannibalism.
Statute:"Whoevershallwillfullytakethelifeofanothershallbepunishedbydeath."
Foster(purposivism/ImaginativeReconstruction):wouldacquit,sinceDs'conductisnot
1 1
withinspirit/purposeofstatute
MostsimilartoHart&SacksandPound
Judge'sjobistointerpretinlightofoverallpurposeandtotrytofigureoutwhat
Congresswouldhavedoneifconfrontedwiththisproblem
Purposeofthemurderstatuteistodeterwrongdoing,butthatdoesn'tapply
here
Assumesidealizedlegislature
Keen(textualist):wouldconvict
Plainmeaningprecludesusingequitiesofcase(lawisdistinctfrommorality)
Judicialdeferenceismoredemocraticandrespectsinstitutionalcompetence(let
legislaturefixtheirmistakes)
Handy(pragmatist/Realist):wouldacquit
RobertJackson mostsimilartoBlackmun,Breyer,orPosneroftoday
CommonSense/Policybasedapproach("allgovernmentofficials,includingjudges,
willdotheirjobsbestiftheytreatforms+abstractconceptsasinstruments")
Eclecticism
GoldenRule(LordBlackburn):followplainmeaningunlesstodosowouldleadtoan
inconsistencyorabsurdity.Allowsjudgestorewritestatutesinordertoavoidabsurd
consequences.
BrewerinHolyTrinity:"thingmaybewithinletterofstatuteandyetnot
withinthestatute,becausenotwithinitsspirit,notwithinintentionofits
makers."
Sometimes,judgeswillclaimtheyreadwholestatutebutwillselectpartsof
statutetouseintheirinterpretation.E.g.BrewerinHolyTrinitydoesnotuse
otherpartsofstatutewhichareactuallyfavorabletohisinterpretation.
Criticism:whoisdecidewhatisabsurd?
LiteralRule(LordAckinsonandLordBramwell):Legislatureintendedwhatitplainly
expressed.Doesnotmatterifplainexpressionleadstoabsurdresults,bcit'snotcourt'sjob todecidewisdomofpolicy+alsowisdomissubjective.Courtshouldstillenforceabsurd
result,andlegislaturecanfixit
MischiefRule:presumesthatstatutesarecreatedtoaddress"defects"orpointsof
"mischief"incommonlaw—loopholespeoplecantakeadvantageof,doctrinesthatleadto
injustice/inefficiency,undesirablebehaviorthatcommonlawdoesnotproperlyaddress,...
Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more in our Legislation and Statutory Interpretation Outlines.
This law school outline is for a course on Legislative Law, which examines issues relating to the enactment, application and interpretation of legislation, primarily at the federal level. The course introduced students to the basic contours of Congressional lawmaking practice, theoretical models of the legislative process, the application and interpretation of statutes by the executive branch, and numerous aspects of judicial statutory interpretation. Students will explored and critiqued the diff...
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